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Date: Sun, 16 Jun 2024 18:07:46 -0700 (PDT)
From: Antoine Riard <antoine.riard@gmail.com>
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Subject: [bitcoindev] Re: Proposing a P2QRH BIP towards a quantum resistant
soft fork
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Hi Hunter Beast,
I think any post-quantum upgrade signature algorithm upgrade proposal would=
=20
grandly benefit to have
Shor's based practical attacks far more defined in the Bitcoin context. As=
=20
soon you start to talk about
quantum computers there is no such thing as a "quantum computer" though a=
=20
wide array of architectures
based on a range of technologies to encode qubits on nanoscale physical=20
properties.
This is not certain that any Shor's algorithm variant works smoothly=20
independently of the quantum computer
architecture considered (e.g gate frequency, gate infidelity, cooling=20
energy consumption) and I think it's
an interesting open game-theory problem if you can concentrate a sufficiant=
=20
amount of energy before any
coin owner moves them in consequence (e.g seeing a quantum break in the=20
mempool and reacting with a counter-spend).
In my opinion, one of the last time the subject was addressed on the=20
mailing list, the description of the state of
the quantum computer field was not realistic and get into risk=20
characterization hyperbole talking about
"super-exponential rate" (when indeed there is no empirical=20
realization that distinct theoretical advance on
quantum capabilities can be combined with each other) [1].
On your proposal, there is an immediate observation which comes to mind,=20
namely why not using one of the algorithm
(dilthium, sphincs+, falcon) which has been through the 3 rounds of NIST=20
cryptanalysis. Apart of the signature size,
which sounds to be smaller, in a network of full-nodes any PQ signature=20
algorithm should have reasonable verification
performances.
Lastly, there is a practical defensive technique that can be implemented=20
today by coin owners to protect in face of
hyptothetical quantum adversaries. Namely setting spending scripts to=20
request an artificially inflated witness stack,
as the cost has to be burden by the spender. I think one can easily do that=
=20
with OP_DUP and OP_GREATERTHAN and a bit
of stack shuffling. While the efficiency of this technique is limited by=20
the max consensus size of the script stack=20
(`MAX_STACK_SIZE`) and the max consensus size of stack element=20
(`MAX_SCRIPT_ELEMENT_SIZE`), this adds an additional
"scarce coins" pre-requirement on the quantum adversarise to succeed.=20
Shor's algorithm is only defined under the
classic ressources of computational complexity, time and space.
Best,
Antoine
[1] https://freicoin.substack.com/p/why-im-against-taproot
Le vendredi 14 juin 2024 =C3=A0 15:30:54 UTC+1, Hunter Beast a =C3=A9crit :
> Good points. I like your suggestion for a SPHINCS+, just due to how matur=
e=20
> it is in comparison to SQIsign. It's already in its third round and has=
=20
> several standards-compliant implementations, and it has an actual=20
> specification rather than just a research paper. One thing to consider is=
=20
> that NIST-I round 3 signatures are 982 bytes in size, according to what I=
=20
> was able to find in the documents hosted by the SPHINCS website.
>
> https://web.archive.org/web/20230711000109if_/http://sphincs.org/data/sph=
incs+-round3-submission-nist.zip
>
> One way to handle this is to introduce this as a separate address type=20
> than SQIsign. That won't require OP_CAT, and I do want to keep this soft=
=20
> fork limited in scope. If SQIsign does become significantly broken, in th=
is=20
> hopefully far future scenario, I might be supportive of an increase in th=
e=20
> witness discount.
>
> Also, I've made some additional changes based on your feedback on X. You=
=20
> can review them here if you so wish:
>
> https://github.com/cryptoquick/bips/pull/5/files?short_path=3D917a32a#dif=
f-917a32a71b69bf62d7c85dfb13d520a0340a30a2889b015b82d36411ed45e754
>
> On Friday, June 14, 2024 at 8:15:29=E2=80=AFAM UTC-6 Pierre-Luc Dallaire-=
Demers=20
> wrote:
>
>> SQIsign is blockchain friendly but also very new, I would recommend=20
>> adding a hash-based backup key in case an attack on SQIsign is found in =
the=20
>> future (recall that SIDH broke over the span of a weekend=20
>> https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/975.pdf).
>> Backup keys can be added in the form of a Merkle tree where one branch=
=20
>> would contain the SQIsign public key and the other the public key of the=
=20
>> recovery hash-based scheme. For most transactions it would only add one =
bit=20
>> to specify the SQIsign branch.
>> The hash-based method could be Sphincs+, which is standardized by NIST=
=20
>> but requires adding extra code, or Lamport, which is not standardized bu=
t=20
>> can be verified on-chain with OP-CAT.
>>
>> On Sunday, June 9, 2024 at 12:07:16=E2=80=AFp.m. UTC-4 Hunter Beast wrot=
e:
>>
>>> The motivation for this BIP is to provide a concrete proposal for addin=
g=20
>>> quantum resistance to Bitcoin. We will need to pick a signature algorit=
hm,=20
>>> implement it, and have it ready in event of quantum emergency. There wi=
ll=20
>>> be time to adopt it. Importantly, this first step is a more substantive=
=20
>>> answer to those with concerns beyond, "quantum computers may pose a thr=
eat,=20
>>> but we likely don't have to worry about that for a long time". Bitcoin=
=20
>>> development and activation is slow, so it's important that those with l=
ow=20
>>> time preference start discussing this as a serious possibility sooner=
=20
>>> rather than later.
>>>
>>> This is meant to be the first in a series of BIPs regarding a=20
>>> hypothetical "QuBit" soft fork. The BIP is intended to propose concrete=
=20
>>> solutions, even if they're early and incomplete, so that Bitcoin develo=
pers=20
>>> are aware of the existence of these solutions and their potential.
>>>
>>> This is just a rough draft and not the finished BIP. I'd like to=20
>>> validate the approach and hear if I should continue working on it, whet=
her=20
>>> serious changes are needed, or if this truly isn't a worthwhile endeavo=
r=20
>>> right now.
>>>
>>> The BIP can be found here:
>>> https://github.com/cryptoquick/bips/blob/p2qrh/bip-p2qrh.mediawiki
>>>
>>> Thank you for your time.
>>>
>>>
--=20
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To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an e=
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<p style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px;">=
<font size=3D"2"><font color=3D"#1f2328" face=3D"-apple-system, BlinkMacSys=
temFont, Segoe UI, Noto Sans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, Apple Color Emo=
ji, Segoe UI Emoji"><span style=3D"caret-color: rgb(31, 35, 40);">Hi Hunter=
Beast,</span></font><br /><br /><font color=3D"#1f2328" face=3D"-apple-sys=
tem, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, Noto Sans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif,=
Apple Color Emoji, Segoe UI Emoji"><span style=3D"caret-color: rgb(31, 35,=
40);">I think any post-quantum upgrade signature algorithm upgrade proposa=
l would grandly benefit to have</span></font><br /><font color=3D"#1f2328" =
face=3D"-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, Noto Sans, Helvetica, =
Arial, sans-serif, Apple Color Emoji, Segoe UI Emoji"><span style=3D"caret-=
color: rgb(31, 35, 40);">Shor's based practical attacks far more defined in=
the Bitcoin context. As soon you start to talk about</span></font><br /><f=
ont color=3D"#1f2328" face=3D"-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, =
Noto Sans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, Apple Color Emoji, Segoe UI Emoji"=
><span style=3D"caret-color: rgb(31, 35, 40);">quantum computers there is n=
o such thing as a "quantum computer" though a wide array of architectures</=
span></font><br /><font color=3D"#1f2328" face=3D"-apple-system, BlinkMacSy=
stemFont, Segoe UI, Noto Sans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, Apple Color Em=
oji, Segoe UI Emoji"><span style=3D"caret-color: rgb(31, 35, 40);">based on=
a range of technologies to encode qubits on nanoscale physical properties.=
</span></font><br /><br /><font color=3D"#1f2328" face=3D"-apple-system, Bl=
inkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, Noto Sans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, Apple =
Color Emoji, Segoe UI Emoji"><span style=3D"caret-color: rgb(31, 35, 40);">=
This is not certain that any Shor's algorithm variant works smoothly indepe=
ndently of the quantum computer</span></font><br /><font color=3D"#1f2328" =
face=3D"-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, Noto Sans, Helvetica, =
Arial, sans-serif, Apple Color Emoji, Segoe UI Emoji"><span style=3D"caret-=
color: rgb(31, 35, 40);">architecture considered (e.g gate frequency, gate =
infidelity, cooling energy consumption) and I think it's</span></font><br /=
><font color=3D"#1f2328" face=3D"-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe U=
I, Noto Sans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, Apple Color Emoji, Segoe UI Emo=
ji"><span style=3D"caret-color: rgb(31, 35, 40);">an interesting open game-=
theory problem if you can concentrate a sufficiant amount of energy before =
any</span></font><br /><font color=3D"#1f2328" face=3D"-apple-system, Blink=
MacSystemFont, Segoe UI, Noto Sans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, Apple Col=
or Emoji, Segoe UI Emoji"><span style=3D"caret-color: rgb(31, 35, 40);">coi=
n owner moves them in consequence (e.g seeing a quantum break in the mempoo=
l and reacting with a counter-spend).</span></font><br /></font></p><p styl=
e=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px;"><font s=
ize=3D"2">In my opinion, one of the last time the subject was addressed on =
the mailing list, the description of the state of<br />the quantum computer=
field was not realistic and get into risk characterization hyperbole talki=
ng about<br />"super-exponential rate" (when indeed there is no empirical r=
ealization=C2=A0that distinct theoretical advance on<br />quantum capabilit=
ies=C2=A0can be combined with each other) [1].</font></p><p style=3D"box-si=
zing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px;"><font size=3D"2"><=
font color=3D"#1f2328" face=3D"-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI,=
Noto Sans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, Apple Color Emoji, Segoe UI Emoji=
"><span style=3D"caret-color: rgb(31, 35, 40);">On your proposal, there is =
an immediate observation which comes to mind, namely why not using one of t=
he algorithm</span></font><br /><font color=3D"#1f2328" face=3D"-apple-syst=
em, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, Noto Sans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, =
Apple Color Emoji, Segoe UI Emoji"><span style=3D"caret-color: rgb(31, 35, =
40);">(dilthium, sphincs+, falcon) which has been through the 3 rounds of N=
IST cryptanalysis. Apart of the signature size,</span></font><br /><font co=
lor=3D"#1f2328" face=3D"-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, Noto S=
ans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, Apple Color Emoji, Segoe UI Emoji"><span=
style=3D"caret-color: rgb(31, 35, 40);">which sounds to be smaller, in a n=
etwork of full-nodes any PQ signature algorithm should have reasonable veri=
fication</span></font><br /><font color=3D"#1f2328" face=3D"-apple-system, =
BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, Noto Sans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, Appl=
e Color Emoji, Segoe UI Emoji"><span style=3D"caret-color: rgb(31, 35, 40);=
">performances.</span></font><br /><br /><font color=3D"#1f2328" face=3D"-a=
pple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, Noto Sans, Helvetica, Arial, san=
s-serif, Apple Color Emoji, Segoe UI Emoji"><span style=3D"caret-color: rgb=
(31, 35, 40);">Lastly, there is a practical defensive technique that can be=
implemented today by coin owners to protect in face of</span></font><br />=
<font color=3D"#1f2328" face=3D"-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI=
, Noto Sans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, Apple Color Emoji, Segoe UI Emoj=
i"><span style=3D"caret-color: rgb(31, 35, 40);">hyptothetical quantum adve=
rsaries. Namely setting spending scripts to request an artificially inflate=
d witness stack,</span></font><br /><font color=3D"#1f2328" face=3D"-apple-=
system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, Noto Sans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-ser=
if, Apple Color Emoji, Segoe UI Emoji"><span style=3D"caret-color: rgb(31, =
35, 40);">as the cost has to be burden by the spender. I think one can easi=
ly do that with OP_DUP and OP_GREATERTHAN and a bit</span></font><br /><fon=
t color=3D"#1f2328" face=3D"-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, No=
to Sans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, Apple Color Emoji, Segoe UI Emoji"><=
span style=3D"caret-color: rgb(31, 35, 40);">of stack shuffling. While the =
efficiency of this technique is limited by the max consensus size of the sc=
ript stack </span></font><br /><font color=3D"#1f2328" face=3D"-apple-syste=
m, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, Noto Sans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, A=
pple Color Emoji, Segoe UI Emoji"><span style=3D"caret-color: rgb(31, 35, 4=
0);">(`MAX_STACK_SIZE`) and the max consensus size of stack element (`MAX_S=
CRIPT_ELEMENT_SIZE`), this adds an additional</span></font><br /><font colo=
r=3D"#1f2328" face=3D"-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, Noto San=
s, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, Apple Color Emoji, Segoe UI Emoji"><span s=
tyle=3D"caret-color: rgb(31, 35, 40);">"scarce coins" pre-requirement on th=
e quantum adversarise to succeed. Shor's algorithm is only defined under th=
e</span></font><br /><font color=3D"#1f2328" face=3D"-apple-system, BlinkMa=
cSystemFont, Segoe UI, Noto Sans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, Apple Color=
Emoji, Segoe UI Emoji"><span style=3D"caret-color: rgb(31, 35, 40);">class=
ic ressources of computational complexity, time and space.</span></font><br=
/><br /><font color=3D"#1f2328" face=3D"-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,=
Segoe UI, Noto Sans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, Apple Color Emoji, Sego=
e UI Emoji"><span style=3D"caret-color: rgb(31, 35, 40);">Best,</span></fon=
t><br /><font color=3D"#1f2328" face=3D"-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, =
Segoe UI, Noto Sans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, Apple Color Emoji, Segoe=
UI Emoji"><span style=3D"caret-color: rgb(31, 35, 40);">Antoine</span></fo=
nt></font></p><p style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; care=
t-color: rgb(31, 35, 40); color: rgb(31, 35, 40); font-family: -apple-syste=
m, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", "Noto Sans", Helveti=
ca, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji&=
quot;; margin-top: 0px;"><font size=3D"2">[1]=C2=A0<span style=3D"color: rg=
ba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans=
-serif;">https://freicoin.substack.com/p/why-im-against-taproot</span></fon=
t></p><br /><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"auto" class=3D"gmail_att=
r">Le vendredi 14 juin 2024 =C3=A0 15:30:54 UTC+1, Hunter Beast a =C3=A9cri=
t=C2=A0:<br/></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin: 0 0 0=
0.8ex; border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-left: 1ex;">Good=
points. I like your suggestion for a SPHINCS+, just due to how mature it i=
s in comparison to SQIsign. It's already in its third round and has sev=
eral standards-compliant implementations, and it has an actual specificatio=
n rather than just a research paper. One thing to consider is that NIST-I r=
ound 3 signatures are 982 bytes in size, according to what I was able to fi=
nd in the documents hosted by the SPHINCS website.<div><a href=3D"https://w=
eb.archive.org/web/20230711000109if_/http://sphincs.org/data/sphincs+-round=
3-submission-nist.zip" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" data-saferedirect=
url=3D"https://www.google.com/url?hl=3Dfr&q=3Dhttps://web.archive.org/w=
eb/20230711000109if_/http://sphincs.org/data/sphincs%2B-round3-submission-n=
ist.zip&source=3Dgmail&ust=3D1718672420803000&usg=3DAOvVaw0nB6X=
iXloG4nlJyz1fs7g1">https://web.archive.org/web/20230711000109if_/http://sph=
incs.org/data/sphincs+-round3-submission-nist.zip</a></div><div><br></div><=
div>One way to handle this is to introduce this as a separate address type =
than SQIsign. That won't require OP_CAT, and I do want to keep this sof=
t fork limited in scope. If SQIsign does become significantly broken, in th=
is hopefully far future scenario, I might be supportive of an increase in t=
he witness discount.<br><div><br></div><div>Also, I've made some additi=
onal changes based on your feedback on X. You can review them here if you s=
o wish:</div><div><a href=3D"https://github.com/cryptoquick/bips/pull/5/fil=
es?short_path=3D917a32a#diff-917a32a71b69bf62d7c85dfb13d520a0340a30a2889b01=
5b82d36411ed45e754" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" data-saferedirecturl=
=3D"https://www.google.com/url?hl=3Dfr&q=3Dhttps://github.com/cryptoqui=
ck/bips/pull/5/files?short_path%3D917a32a%23diff-917a32a71b69bf62d7c85dfb13=
d520a0340a30a2889b015b82d36411ed45e754&source=3Dgmail&ust=3D1718672=
420803000&usg=3DAOvVaw0rH-d98RyQJEXu3JfZVxDx">https://github.com/crypto=
quick/bips/pull/5/files?short_path=3D917a32a#diff-917a32a71b69bf62d7c85dfb1=
3d520a0340a30a2889b015b82d36411ed45e754</a><br><br></div></div><div class=
=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"auto" class=3D"gmail_attr">On Friday, June 14,=
2024 at 8:15:29=E2=80=AFAM UTC-6 Pierre-Luc Dallaire-Demers wrote:<br></di=
v><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 0.8ex;border-left=
:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">SQIsign is blockchain friendl=
y but also very new, I would recommend adding a hash-based backup key in ca=
se an attack on SQIsign is found in the future (recall that SIDH broke over=
the span of a weekend=C2=A0<a href=3D"https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/975.pdf=
" rel=3D"nofollow" target=3D"_blank" data-saferedirecturl=3D"https://www.go=
ogle.com/url?hl=3Dfr&q=3Dhttps://eprint.iacr.org/2022/975.pdf&sourc=
e=3Dgmail&ust=3D1718672420803000&usg=3DAOvVaw2nNgEbuvK6PXyk-f8QIKqY=
">https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/975.pdf</a>).<div>Backup keys can be added i=
n the form of a Merkle tree where one branch would contain the SQIsign publ=
ic key and the other the public key of the recovery hash-based scheme. For =
most transactions it would only add one bit to specify the SQIsign branch.<=
/div><div>The hash-based method could be Sphincs+, which is standardized by=
NIST but requires adding extra code, or Lamport, which is not standardized=
but can be verified on-chain with OP-CAT.<br><br></div><div class=3D"gmail=
_quote"><div dir=3D"auto" class=3D"gmail_attr">On Sunday, June 9, 2024 at 1=
2:07:16=E2=80=AFp.m. UTC-4 Hunter Beast wrote:<br></div><blockquote class=
=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,=
204,204);padding-left:1ex">The motivation for this BIP is to provide a conc=
rete proposal for adding quantum resistance to Bitcoin. We will need to pic=
k a signature algorithm, implement it, and have it ready in event of quantu=
m emergency. There will be time to adopt it. Importantly, this first step i=
s a more substantive answer to those with concerns beyond, "quantum co=
mputers may pose a threat, but we likely don't have to worry about that=
for a long time". Bitcoin development and activation is slow, so it&#=
39;s important that those with low time preference start discussing this as=
a serious possibility sooner rather than later.<br><br>This is meant to be=
the first in a series of BIPs regarding a hypothetical "QuBit" s=
oft fork. The BIP is intended to propose concrete solutions, even if they&#=
39;re early and incomplete, so that Bitcoin developers are aware of the exi=
stence of these solutions and their potential.<br><br>This is just a rough =
draft and not the finished BIP. I'd like to validate the approach and h=
ear if I should continue working on it, whether serious changes are needed,=
or if this truly isn't a worthwhile endeavor right now.<br><div><br></=
div><div>The BIP can be found here:</div><div><a href=3D"https://github.com=
/cryptoquick/bips/blob/p2qrh/bip-p2qrh.mediawiki" rel=3D"nofollow" target=
=3D"_blank" data-saferedirecturl=3D"https://www.google.com/url?hl=3Dfr&=
q=3Dhttps://github.com/cryptoquick/bips/blob/p2qrh/bip-p2qrh.mediawiki&=
source=3Dgmail&ust=3D1718672420803000&usg=3DAOvVaw1n5w6CUt_3Db-syW3=
sv0NB">https://github.com/cryptoquick/bips/blob/p2qrh/bip-p2qrh.mediawiki</=
a><br></div><div><br></div><div>Thank you for your time.</div><div><br></di=
v></blockquote></div></blockquote></div></blockquote></div>
<p></p>
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