Bitcoin is imploding due to a failure of consensus. There has been a failure of consensus on how to fix the design flaw evinced by the block size fiasco.

On 15 August 2015 at 18:43, Satoshi Nakamoto via bitcoin-dev <bitcoin-dev@lists.linuxfoundation.org> wrote:

> I suspect we need a better incentive for users to run nodes instead of relying solely on altruism.

This is the root cause of the disagreement. Not on what value the block size should be set to, a symptom and red herring. The whole argument against a block size increase is the further reduction in the node count.

Therefore it makes sense to focus all energies on solving the root cause if we are to save Bitcoin in the short and long run. It is tempting to toy with the idea that a superior cryptocurrency which fixes the flaws can supplant Bitcoin while it dies, but there is significant merit in the suspicion that if Bitcoin fails the whole idea of cryptocurrencies will die with it for another generation.

Below I will outline my thoughts on how Bitcoin can be improved so that more people will be incentivised to run nodes.

1. The current incentive is run like a lottery.

Mining becomes more and more of a lottery the more value that Bitcoin acquires. Prudent and rational people don't partake in lotteries as the expected payoff is negative. Due to rewards at the block level, this leads to a winner-takes-all situation, which leads to centralisation.

2. Decentralised proof-of-work is equivalent to value.

On 15 August 2015 at 18:43, Satoshi Nakamoto via bitcoin-dev <bitcoin-dev@lists.linuxfoundation.org> wrote:

> Nearly everyone has to agree on a change, and they have to do it without being forced or pressured into it.

Proof-of-work is the basis of Bitcoin's security, which contributes to Bitcoin's value. Further, the more decentralised that proof-of-work is, the greater the value proposition of Bitcoin as a currency resistant to change by coercion.

3. Importance of a public technical forum.

In order for there to be consensus, there must be a triumph of ideas over people. Ideas are immortal, people are not. Also, pragmatism over idealism. There must be no rank within the community, and no censorship or ignorance of others no matter their past contributions. However, it stands to reason that those who are more educated and experienced should be taken more seriously than those who are not.

4. Stronger ties between transaction validation and proof-of-work.

As pointed out, mining in the pooled sense can be done without doing any validation whatsoever. By tying mining with transaction validation, the two must become inseparable.

The logical conclusion of this is that instead of mining blocks per se, transactions must be mined individually.

5. Fees to be paid to nodes.

The incentive to run nodes shall be made monetary. All the reward is currently going to those who do not really support the network.

50% of a transaction's fee should go to the node that mined the transaction.

6. The timechain.

Currently it is difficult to envisage anything other than grouping transactions into blocks and timestamping them. The POW timestamping service must have sufficient time gap between blocks.

Therefore as transactions are mined each one will have the possibility to become a block in the timechain. The POW difficulty for a block will obviously be much greater than the POW required to mine a single transaction.

This also requires every mined transaction to contain a block header, in case it becomes a new block in the block chain. It will contain a prev block hash, a merkle tree of mined transactions in the mempool, a nonce and two separate coinbase addresses. One coinbase output will be used to pay the miner of the transaction, and the other will also pay the miner the (50%) transaction fees of the other transactions in the block, if the POW on the transaction also satisfies the POW difficulty of a block.

7. Transaction POW difficulty.

Block POW difficulty can remain as it currently does, to produce blocks at approximately 10 minute intervals.

Transaction POW difficulty affects the rate at which mined transactions are produced.

Now, since each transaction contains a prev block hash an important decision to make is whether to mandate that all transactions within a block contain the same prev block hash, and that the prev block so referenced is the immediate previous ancestor block, or whether any transaction may be admitted into a block so long as the prev block referenced by the transaction is any previous ancestor in the main chain.

If the former, then any transactions which don't make it into a block must be re-mined for inclusion in the next block. Hence this more closely enforces the rate at which transactions are mined and included.

The rate at which transactions are mined and included in blocks is obviously proportional to the block size. The transaction POW difficulty can be adjusted periodically so that the transaction rate or block size follows a smooth trajectory and does not make any sudden jumps.

Greater decentralisation of POW leads to increased mined transaction rate (given sufficient unmined transaction rate production). The inverse is also true. Hence transaction rate and block size is proportional to degree of decentralisation.

8. Miscalleneous observations.

Nodes only need work on transactions if they are valid.

Mined transactions are a weak guarantee that they will be accepted by the network.

The originator of a transaction may self-mine his own transaction to avoid paying some of the fee.

Transactions with higher fees and smaller size will be mined in preference.

Large block spam attack is expensive due to the POW needed to mine the gigantic number of transactions.

Decentralisation of nodes is encouraged to be close to the location of real transaction origination i.e. consumers. Unmined transactions may not be relayed by a node if it chooses to work on it, if the fee is high enough.

Block-level reward is still a decentralised lottery. Transaction-level rewards go to those running the network. Fees will go up as it will be the nodes that are mining transactions that need to be individually compensated, and not miners mining only block headers.

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