[bitcoin-dev] Full Disclosure: CVE-2021-31876 Defect in Bitcoin Core's bip125 logic

[bitcoin-dev] Full Disclosure: CVE-2021-31876 Defect in Bitcoin Core's bip125 logic

[Antoine Riard]

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Hi,

I'm writing to report a defect in Bitcoin Core bip125 logic with minor
security and operational implications for downstream projects. Though this
defect grieves Bitcoin Core nodes 0.12.0 and above, base layer safety isn't
impacted.

# Problem

Bip 125 specification describes the following signalling mechanism :

"
This policy specifies two ways a transaction can signal that it is
replaceable.

* Explicit signaling: A transaction is considered to have opted in to
allowing replacement of itself if any of its inputs have an nSequence
number less than (0xffffffff - 1).

* Inherited signaling: Transactions that don't explicitly signal
replaceability are replaceable under this policy for as long as any one of
their ancestors signals replaceability and remains unconfirmed.

One or more transactions currently in the mempool (original transactions)
will be replaced by a new transaction (replacement transaction) that spends
one or more of the same inputs if,

# The original transactions signal replaceability explicitly or through
inheritance as described in the above Summary section.
"

An unconfirmed child transaction with nSequence = 0xff_ff_ff_ff spending an
unconfirmed parent with nSequence <= 0xff_ff_ff_fd should be replaceable as
the child transaction signals "through inheritance". However, the
replacement code as implemented in Core's `PreChecks()` shows that this
behavior isn't  enforced and Core's mempool rejects replacement attempts of
an unconfirmed child transaction.

Branch asserting the behavior is here :
https://github.com/ariard/bitcoin/commits/2021-03-test-rbf

# Solution

The defect has not been patched.

# Downstream Projects Affected

* LN : State-of-the-art pinning attacks against second-stage HTLCs
transactions were thought to be only possible by exploiting RBF rule 3 on
the necessity of a higher absolute fee [0]. However, this replacement
defect opens the way for an attacker to only pin with an opt-out child
without a higher fee than the honest competing transaction. This lowers the
cost of attack as the malicious pinning transaction only has to be above
mempools'min feerate. This also increases odds of attack success for a
reduced feerate diminishes odds of confirmation ending the pinning.

A functional test demo illustrating cases is available on this branch:
https://github.com/ariard/bitcoin/commits/2021-05-htlc-preimage-pinnings

LN nodes operators concerned by this defect might favor anchor outputs
channels, fully mitigating this specific pinning vector.

* Onchain DLC/Coinswap/Vault : Those contract protocols have also multiple
stages of execution with time-sensitive transactions opening the way to
pinning attacks. Those protocols being non-deployed or in early phase, I
would recommend that any in-protocol competing transactions explicitly
signal RBF.

* Coinjoin/Cut-Through : if CPFP is employed as a fee-bumping strategy, if
the coinjoin transaction is still laying in network mempools, if a
fee-bumping output is spendable by any protocol participant, this
fee-bumping mechanism might be halted by a malicious protocol participant
broadcasting an low-feerate opt-out child. According to bip125, if the
coinjoin parent tx signals replaceability, the child transaction should be
replaceable, whatever its signaling. However Core doesn't apply this
policy. RBF of the coinjoin transaction itself should be used as a
fallback. I'm not aware of any deployed coinjoin using such
"anyone-can-bump" fee-bumping strategy.

* Simple wallets : RBF engines' behaviors might be altered in ways not
matching the intent of their developers. I invite RBF engines dev to verify
what those components are doing in the light of disclosed information.

# Discovery

While reviewing the LN dual-funding flow, I inquired on potential new DoS
vectors introduced by relying on counterparty utxos in this following
analysis [1]. The second DoS issue "RBF opt-out by a Counterparty
Double-Spend" is relying on a malicious chain of transactions where the
parent is signaling RBF opt-in through nSequence<=0xff_ff_ff_ff-1 but the
child, servicing as a pinning transaction, opt-out from the RBF policy.
This pinning trick conception was matching my understanding of Core code
but while reading again the specification, I observed that it was
inconsistent from the inherited signaling mechanism as described in the
bip's "Summary" section.

After exercising the logic, I did submit the defect to Dave Harding, asking
confirmation of divergence between Bitcoin Core and BIP 125. Soon after, he
did confirm it and pointed that the defect has been there since the 2015's
PR introducing the opt-in RBF, advicing to to consider security
implications for deployed second-layer protocols. After noticing the minor
implications for pinning attacks on second-stage LN transactions while
talking with Matt Corallo, I did disclose to the Bitcoin Core security list.

My initial report was recommending avoiding a covert patch in the mempool
as risks of introducing DoS in this part of the codebase seemed to outweigh
security of deployed LN channels. This direction was agreed by the opinions
expressed on the security list. Beyond, there was a lack of agreement on
how to proceed with the disclosure as so far in the history project,
transaction relay policy have not been considered as strongly reliable.
Though from now on, L2 protocols like Lightning are making assumptions on
subset of this policy for their safety, such as the highlighted RBF one.

Defect was disclosed to the LN projects maintainers, informing them that
currently in deployment anchor outputs protocol upgrade was mitigating
against this defect though old channels will stay vulnerable. To the best
of my knowledge, I didn't identify other deployed protocols of which coins
safety are impacted by this defect.

# Ecosystem Observations

This long-standing defect with benign security implications provided an
opportunity to exercise coordinated security disclosure across layers and
development teams.

IMO, it underlies few interesting points:
* the lack of an established policy for coordinated security disclosures
between a base layer implementation and its downstream projects
* the lack of a clear methodology to identify downstream projects affected
by a transaction relay policy wreckage
* the lack of minimally-disruptive, emergency upgrade mechanisms
implemented by downstream projects [2]

Finally, security implications for downstream projects provoked by base
layer issues shouldn't be minimized as they do have a risk of windblow on
base layer operations. I believe we should minimize risks of disaster
scenarios such as thousands of LN channels manually closed by worried
operators due to a non-concerted security disclosure, provoking mempool
cloaks and disrupting regular transactions for a while.

# Timeline

2021-03-18 : Defect discovered, report to Dave Harding original author of
bip125, confirmation of the defect
2021-03-19 : Disclosure to the Bitcoin Core security list, Dave Harding,
Matt Corallo, acknowledgment of the issue
2021-04-05 : Disclosure to the LN projects maintainers (c-lightning, lnd,
eclair, electrum, rust-lightning)
2021-04-28 : CVE-2021-31876 assigned
2021-05-06 : Full disclosure to the bitcoin-dev mailing list

I believe the information reported is correct and reflects the best of my
knowledge, please point any shortcoming.

Cheers,
Antoine

[0]
https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/lightning-dev/2020-April/002639.html
[1] See "On Mempool Funny Games against Multi-Party Funded Transactions",
published 2021-05-06
[2] Such as
https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/lightning-dev/2020-July/002763.html

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Re: [bitcoin-dev] Full Disclosure: CVE-2021-31876 Defect in Bitcoin Core's bip125 logic

[darosior]

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Hi Antoine,

Thank you for the disclosure.

> * Onchain DLC/Coinswap/Vault : Those contract protocols have also multiple stages of execution with time-sensitive transactions opening the way to pinning attacks. Those protocols being non-deployed or in early phase, I would recommend that any in-protocol competing transactions explicitly signal RBF.

For what it's worth, Revault isn't vulnerable as all transactions signal RBF and there is no way to sneak a non-signaling competing transaction (as long as the CSV isn't matured yet).

Thanks,

Antoine (the other one)

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Re: [bitcoin-dev] Full Disclosure: CVE-2021-31876 Defect in Bitcoin Core's bip125 logic

[Ruben Somsen]

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Hi Antoine,

Thanks for bringing this up.

It seems spacechains[0] are impacted by this. Simply explained, the idea is
to allow for fee-bidding Blind Merged Mining[1] by creating one transaction
for each block, to which anyone can attach a block hash. The preferred
mechanism utilizes sighash_anyprevout and is not affected, but there is
also a practical variant that could be used without requiring the
anyprevout soft fork, which unfortunately does seem to be impacted. Here's
a brief description:

TX0:

input 0

output 1a*
output 1b

TX1:

input 1a*

output 2a**
output 2b

TX2:

input 2a**

output 3a***
output 3b

Etc.

Every TX has two outputs, one of which ("a") is used as the input for the
next TX (these are pre-signed and act as a covenant), resulting in a
continuous chain of transactions. The other output ("b") can be spent by
anyone, and is meant to CPFP the parent TX and, importantly, be RBF
replaceable by anyone. This allows whoever pays the highest CPFP fee to
"win the RBF auction" and attach their TX to the output, containing the
winning spacechain block hash.

With inherited signalling, this works because each pre-signed TX is RBF
enabled, so each CPFP transaction inherits RBF as well. But if inherited
signalling does not function, the first person who makes a CPFP transaction
can simply disable RBF and win the auction, thus breaking the intended
fee-bidding mechanism.

You can also find a diagram in this spacechains presentation (timestamped
link): https://youtu.be/N2ow4Q34Jeg?t=2555

As it stands, this bug gets in the way of being able to deploy spacechains.

-- Ruben Somsen



[0]
https://medium.com/@RubenSomsen/21-million-bitcoins-to-rule-all-sidechains-the-perpetual-one-way-peg-96cb2f8ac302

[1] https://gist.github.com/RubenSomsen/5e4be6d18e5fa526b17d8b34906b16a5




On Sun, May 9, 2021 at 10:41 AM darosior via bitcoin-dev <
bitcoin-dev@lists.linuxfoundation.org> wrote:

> Hi Antoine,
>
>
> Thank you for the disclosure.
>
>
>
> > * Onchain DLC/Coinswap/Vault : Those contract protocols have also
> multiple stages of execution with time-sensitive transactions opening the
> way to pinning attacks. Those protocols being non-deployed or in early
> phase, I would recommend that any in-protocol competing transactions
> explicitly signal RBF.
>
>
> For what it's worth, Revault isn't vulnerable as all transactions signal
> RBF and there is no way to sneak a non-signaling competing transaction (as
> long as the CSV isn't matured yet).
>
>
>
> Thanks,
>
> Antoine (the other one)_______________________________________________
> bitcoin-dev mailing list
> bitcoin-dev@lists.linuxfoundation.org
> https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-dev
>

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Re: [bitcoin-dev] Full Disclosure: CVE-2021-31876 Defect in Bitcoin Core's bip125 logic

[Luke Dashjr]

Is there a list of software impacted by this CVE, and the versions it is fixed 
in?

(Note this isn't a vulnerability in Bitcoin Core; BIP125 is strictly a policy 
matter, not part of the consensus rules and never safe to rely on in any 
case...)


On Thursday 06 May 2021 13:55:53 Antoine Riard via bitcoin-dev wrote:
> Hi,
>
> I'm writing to report a defect in Bitcoin Core bip125 logic with minor
> security and operational implications for downstream projects. Though this
> defect grieves Bitcoin Core nodes 0.12.0 and above, base layer safety isn't
> impacted.
>
> # Problem
>
> Bip 125 specification describes the following signalling mechanism :
>
> "
> This policy specifies two ways a transaction can signal that it is
> replaceable.
>
> * Explicit signaling: A transaction is considered to have opted in to
> allowing replacement of itself if any of its inputs have an nSequence
> number less than (0xffffffff - 1).
>
> * Inherited signaling: Transactions that don't explicitly signal
> replaceability are replaceable under this policy for as long as any one of
> their ancestors signals replaceability and remains unconfirmed.
>
> One or more transactions currently in the mempool (original transactions)
> will be replaced by a new transaction (replacement transaction) that spends
> one or more of the same inputs if,
>
> # The original transactions signal replaceability explicitly or through
> inheritance as described in the above Summary section.
> "
>
> An unconfirmed child transaction with nSequence = 0xff_ff_ff_ff spending an
> unconfirmed parent with nSequence <= 0xff_ff_ff_fd should be replaceable as
> the child transaction signals "through inheritance". However, the
> replacement code as implemented in Core's `PreChecks()` shows that this
> behavior isn't  enforced and Core's mempool rejects replacement attempts of
> an unconfirmed child transaction.
>
> Branch asserting the behavior is here :
> https://github.com/ariard/bitcoin/commits/2021-03-test-rbf
>
> # Solution
>
> The defect has not been patched.
>
> # Downstream Projects Affected
>
> * LN : State-of-the-art pinning attacks against second-stage HTLCs
> transactions were thought to be only possible by exploiting RBF rule 3 on
> the necessity of a higher absolute fee [0]. However, this replacement
> defect opens the way for an attacker to only pin with an opt-out child
> without a higher fee than the honest competing transaction. This lowers the
> cost of attack as the malicious pinning transaction only has to be above
> mempools'min feerate. This also increases odds of attack success for a
> reduced feerate diminishes odds of confirmation ending the pinning.
>
> A functional test demo illustrating cases is available on this branch:
> https://github.com/ariard/bitcoin/commits/2021-05-htlc-preimage-pinnings
>
> LN nodes operators concerned by this defect might favor anchor outputs
> channels, fully mitigating this specific pinning vector.
>
> * Onchain DLC/Coinswap/Vault : Those contract protocols have also multiple
> stages of execution with time-sensitive transactions opening the way to
> pinning attacks. Those protocols being non-deployed or in early phase, I
> would recommend that any in-protocol competing transactions explicitly
> signal RBF.
>
> * Coinjoin/Cut-Through : if CPFP is employed as a fee-bumping strategy, if
> the coinjoin transaction is still laying in network mempools, if a
> fee-bumping output is spendable by any protocol participant, this
> fee-bumping mechanism might be halted by a malicious protocol participant
> broadcasting an low-feerate opt-out child. According to bip125, if the
> coinjoin parent tx signals replaceability, the child transaction should be
> replaceable, whatever its signaling. However Core doesn't apply this
> policy. RBF of the coinjoin transaction itself should be used as a
> fallback. I'm not aware of any deployed coinjoin using such
> "anyone-can-bump" fee-bumping strategy.
>
> * Simple wallets : RBF engines' behaviors might be altered in ways not
> matching the intent of their developers. I invite RBF engines dev to verify
> what those components are doing in the light of disclosed information.
>
> # Discovery
>
> While reviewing the LN dual-funding flow, I inquired on potential new DoS
> vectors introduced by relying on counterparty utxos in this following
> analysis [1]. The second DoS issue "RBF opt-out by a Counterparty
> Double-Spend" is relying on a malicious chain of transactions where the
> parent is signaling RBF opt-in through nSequence<=0xff_ff_ff_ff-1 but the
> child, servicing as a pinning transaction, opt-out from the RBF policy.
> This pinning trick conception was matching my understanding of Core code
> but while reading again the specification, I observed that it was
> inconsistent from the inherited signaling mechanism as described in the
> bip's "Summary" section.
>
> After exercising the logic, I did submit the defect to Dave Harding, asking
> confirmation of divergence between Bitcoin Core and BIP 125. Soon after, he
> did confirm it and pointed that the defect has been there since the 2015's
> PR introducing the opt-in RBF, advicing to to consider security
> implications for deployed second-layer protocols. After noticing the minor
> implications for pinning attacks on second-stage LN transactions while
> talking with Matt Corallo, I did disclose to the Bitcoin Core security
> list.
>
> My initial report was recommending avoiding a covert patch in the mempool
> as risks of introducing DoS in this part of the codebase seemed to outweigh
> security of deployed LN channels. This direction was agreed by the opinions
> expressed on the security list. Beyond, there was a lack of agreement on
> how to proceed with the disclosure as so far in the history project,
> transaction relay policy have not been considered as strongly reliable.
> Though from now on, L2 protocols like Lightning are making assumptions on
> subset of this policy for their safety, such as the highlighted RBF one.
>
> Defect was disclosed to the LN projects maintainers, informing them that
> currently in deployment anchor outputs protocol upgrade was mitigating
> against this defect though old channels will stay vulnerable. To the best
> of my knowledge, I didn't identify other deployed protocols of which coins
> safety are impacted by this defect.
>
> # Ecosystem Observations
>
> This long-standing defect with benign security implications provided an
> opportunity to exercise coordinated security disclosure across layers and
> development teams.
>
> IMO, it underlies few interesting points:
> * the lack of an established policy for coordinated security disclosures
> between a base layer implementation and its downstream projects
> * the lack of a clear methodology to identify downstream projects affected
> by a transaction relay policy wreckage
> * the lack of minimally-disruptive, emergency upgrade mechanisms
> implemented by downstream projects [2]
>
> Finally, security implications for downstream projects provoked by base
> layer issues shouldn't be minimized as they do have a risk of windblow on
> base layer operations. I believe we should minimize risks of disaster
> scenarios such as thousands of LN channels manually closed by worried
> operators due to a non-concerted security disclosure, provoking mempool
> cloaks and disrupting regular transactions for a while.
>
> # Timeline
>
> 2021-03-18 : Defect discovered, report to Dave Harding original author of
> bip125, confirmation of the defect
> 2021-03-19 : Disclosure to the Bitcoin Core security list, Dave Harding,
> Matt Corallo, acknowledgment of the issue
> 2021-04-05 : Disclosure to the LN projects maintainers (c-lightning, lnd,
> eclair, electrum, rust-lightning)
> 2021-04-28 : CVE-2021-31876 assigned
> 2021-05-06 : Full disclosure to the bitcoin-dev mailing list
>
> I believe the information reported is correct and reflects the best of my
> knowledge, please point any shortcoming.
>
> Cheers,
> Antoine
>
> [0]
> https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/lightning-dev/2020-April/002639
>.html [1] See "On Mempool Funny Games against Multi-Party Funded
> Transactions", published 2021-05-06
> [2] Such as
> https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/lightning-dev/2020-July/002763.
>html

Re: [bitcoin-dev] Full Disclosure: CVE-2021-31876 Defect in Bitcoin Core's bip125 logic

[Antoine Riard]

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Hi Ruben,

Thanks for raising awareness about spacechains/BMM, I didn't have knowledge
it was relying on a fee-based English auction to mine side-blocks. IIUC,
it's another type of dynamic membership
multi-party signature where parties are block-signing with a fee proposal
instead of a PoW ? Though you still assume mainchain miners aren't
colluding and blindly applying the RBF policy

Effectively, if you can block RBF by opting-out, parties are not competing
anymore on feerate but on gaining propagation advantage in the tx-relay
topology. And such advantage is quite easy to
gain with a modified client, mass-connecting and not enforcing inventory
broadcast interval timers.

> As it stands, this bug gets in the way of being able to deploy
spacechains.

Noted, yet another good-point to transition towards full-rbf!

Cheers,
Antoine

Le mar. 11 mai 2021 à 17:16, Ruben Somsen <rsomsen@gmail.com> a écrit :

> Hi Antoine,
>
> Thanks for bringing this up.
>
> It seems spacechains[0] are impacted by this. Simply explained, the idea
> is to allow for fee-bidding Blind Merged Mining[1] by creating one
> transaction for each block, to which anyone can attach a block hash. The
> preferred mechanism utilizes sighash_anyprevout and is not affected, but
> there is also a practical variant that could be used without requiring the
> anyprevout soft fork, which unfortunately does seem to be impacted. Here's
> a brief description:
>
> TX0:
>
> input 0
>
> output 1a*
> output 1b
>
> TX1:
>
> input 1a*
>
> output 2a**
> output 2b
>
> TX2:
>
> input 2a**
>
> output 3a***
> output 3b
>
> Etc.
>
> Every TX has two outputs, one of which ("a") is used as the input for the
> next TX (these are pre-signed and act as a covenant), resulting in a
> continuous chain of transactions. The other output ("b") can be spent by
> anyone, and is meant to CPFP the parent TX and, importantly, be RBF
> replaceable by anyone. This allows whoever pays the highest CPFP fee to
> "win the RBF auction" and attach their TX to the output, containing the
> winning spacechain block hash.
>
> With inherited signalling, this works because each pre-signed TX is RBF
> enabled, so each CPFP transaction inherits RBF as well. But if inherited
> signalling does not function, the first person who makes a CPFP transaction
> can simply disable RBF and win the auction, thus breaking the intended
> fee-bidding mechanism.
>
> You can also find a diagram in this spacechains presentation (timestamped
> link): https://youtu.be/N2ow4Q34Jeg?t=2555
>
> As it stands, this bug gets in the way of being able to deploy spacechains.
>
> -- Ruben Somsen
>
>
>
> [0]
> https://medium.com/@RubenSomsen/21-million-bitcoins-to-rule-all-sidechains-the-perpetual-one-way-peg-96cb2f8ac302
>
> [1] https://gist.github.com/RubenSomsen/5e4be6d18e5fa526b17d8b34906b16a5
>
>
>
>
> On Sun, May 9, 2021 at 10:41 AM darosior via bitcoin-dev <
> bitcoin-dev@lists.linuxfoundation.org> wrote:
>
>> Hi Antoine,
>>
>>
>> Thank you for the disclosure.
>>
>>
>>
>> > * Onchain DLC/Coinswap/Vault : Those contract protocols have also
>> multiple stages of execution with time-sensitive transactions opening the
>> way to pinning attacks. Those protocols being non-deployed or in early
>> phase, I would recommend that any in-protocol competing transactions
>> explicitly signal RBF.
>>
>>
>> For what it's worth, Revault isn't vulnerable as all transactions signal
>> RBF and there is no way to sneak a non-signaling competing transaction (as
>> long as the CSV isn't matured yet).
>>
>>
>>
>> Thanks,
>>
>> Antoine (the other one)_______________________________________________
>> bitcoin-dev mailing list
>> bitcoin-dev@lists.linuxfoundation.org
>> https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-dev
>>
>

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Re: [bitcoin-dev] Full Disclosure: CVE-2021-31876 Defect in Bitcoin Core's bip125 logic

[Antoine Riard]

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Hi Luke,

> Is there a list of software impacted by this CVE, and the versions it is
fixed
in?

Speaking only for LN clients, as I think they're the only ones deployed
with real funds at stake. Defect is mitigated by new "anchor" channel type,
forcing RBF-signaling on all transactions.
* lnd v0.12 "anchor" activated by default, lnd v0.10 "anchor" activated by
user flag
* c-lightning, no release yet with "anchor" support
* eclair, no release yet with "anchor" support
* rust-lightning, no release yet with "anchor" support

> (Note this isn't a vulnerability in Bitcoin Core; BIP125 is strictly a
policy
matter, not part of the consensus rules and never safe to rely on in any
case...)

Answering two-folds.

First I somehow agree it's not a "vulnerability" in Bitcoin Core but at
least a clear lack of compliance to a heavily relied-on bitcoin standard
through the ecosystem. Even if BIPs are descriptive documentation and not
prescriptive, I don't think we have guidelines for now on how to proceed
with identified flaws with security implications for downstream projects.

Should the Bitcoin Core project adopt a security bulletin or advisories for
security-related info pertinent for downstream ?

Secondly, opinions were divergent on the security list on how to report on
this. On one side, tx-relay and mempool acceptance rules aren't considered
as reliable or strongly normative and purely a matter of node's policy.

On the other side, we have more and more deployed Bitcoin
applications/protocols (e.g LN, vaults, ...) directly making security
assumptions on them. Even if we consider such beliefs misplaced or
ingenious, we're laying on top of a permissionless system and can't really
prevent developers and users from deploying such softwares.

Should we stay on this statu quo and invite such Bitcoin users to deploy
their own overlay network for transaction propagation satisfying their
advanced requirements, at the price of far-less censorship-resistance and a
more opaque fee market for everyone ?

Or instead qualify a new, third set of rules between consensus and pure
"policy", especially crafted to support Bitcoin applications requiring
transparency and stability of tx-relay and mempool acceptance rules, at the
price of ossifying some part of full-nodes ? Of course, the degree of
normativity we could guarantee for those rules is making them compatible
with economic incentives of everyone. Hopefully fostering their wide
dissemination across full-node implementations and miner mempools.

You have good arguments and trade-offs on both sides.

Overall, I agree that describing tx-relay/mempool rules as non-normative,
non-reliable is the most understood mental model among developers *today*.
That said, I would like to underscore that this model might not be adequate
in light of recent ecosystem evolutions and reveal itself a bit crippling
the future...

Cheers,
Antoine

Le mar. 11 mai 2021 à 17:51, Luke Dashjr <luke@dashjr.org> a écrit :

> Is there a list of software impacted by this CVE, and the versions it is
> fixed
> in?
>
> (Note this isn't a vulnerability in Bitcoin Core; BIP125 is strictly a
> policy
> matter, not part of the consensus rules and never safe to rely on in any
> case...)
>
>
> On Thursday 06 May 2021 13:55:53 Antoine Riard via bitcoin-dev wrote:
> > Hi,
> >
> > I'm writing to report a defect in Bitcoin Core bip125 logic with minor
> > security and operational implications for downstream projects. Though
> this
> > defect grieves Bitcoin Core nodes 0.12.0 and above, base layer safety
> isn't
> > impacted.
> >
> > # Problem
> >
> > Bip 125 specification describes the following signalling mechanism :
> >
> > "
> > This policy specifies two ways a transaction can signal that it is
> > replaceable.
> >
> > * Explicit signaling: A transaction is considered to have opted in to
> > allowing replacement of itself if any of its inputs have an nSequence
> > number less than (0xffffffff - 1).
> >
> > * Inherited signaling: Transactions that don't explicitly signal
> > replaceability are replaceable under this policy for as long as any one
> of
> > their ancestors signals replaceability and remains unconfirmed.
> >
> > One or more transactions currently in the mempool (original transactions)
> > will be replaced by a new transaction (replacement transaction) that
> spends
> > one or more of the same inputs if,
> >
> > # The original transactions signal replaceability explicitly or through
> > inheritance as described in the above Summary section.
> > "
> >
> > An unconfirmed child transaction with nSequence = 0xff_ff_ff_ff spending
> an
> > unconfirmed parent with nSequence <= 0xff_ff_ff_fd should be replaceable
> as
> > the child transaction signals "through inheritance". However, the
> > replacement code as implemented in Core's `PreChecks()` shows that this
> > behavior isn't  enforced and Core's mempool rejects replacement attempts
> of
> > an unconfirmed child transaction.
> >
> > Branch asserting the behavior is here :
> > https://github.com/ariard/bitcoin/commits/2021-03-test-rbf
> >
> > # Solution
> >
> > The defect has not been patched.
> >
> > # Downstream Projects Affected
> >
> > * LN : State-of-the-art pinning attacks against second-stage HTLCs
> > transactions were thought to be only possible by exploiting RBF rule 3 on
> > the necessity of a higher absolute fee [0]. However, this replacement
> > defect opens the way for an attacker to only pin with an opt-out child
> > without a higher fee than the honest competing transaction. This lowers
> the
> > cost of attack as the malicious pinning transaction only has to be above
> > mempools'min feerate. This also increases odds of attack success for a
> > reduced feerate diminishes odds of confirmation ending the pinning.
> >
> > A functional test demo illustrating cases is available on this branch:
> > https://github.com/ariard/bitcoin/commits/2021-05-htlc-preimage-pinnings
> >
> > LN nodes operators concerned by this defect might favor anchor outputs
> > channels, fully mitigating this specific pinning vector.
> >
> > * Onchain DLC/Coinswap/Vault : Those contract protocols have also
> multiple
> > stages of execution with time-sensitive transactions opening the way to
> > pinning attacks. Those protocols being non-deployed or in early phase, I
> > would recommend that any in-protocol competing transactions explicitly
> > signal RBF.
> >
> > * Coinjoin/Cut-Through : if CPFP is employed as a fee-bumping strategy,
> if
> > the coinjoin transaction is still laying in network mempools, if a
> > fee-bumping output is spendable by any protocol participant, this
> > fee-bumping mechanism might be halted by a malicious protocol participant
> > broadcasting an low-feerate opt-out child. According to bip125, if the
> > coinjoin parent tx signals replaceability, the child transaction should
> be
> > replaceable, whatever its signaling. However Core doesn't apply this
> > policy. RBF of the coinjoin transaction itself should be used as a
> > fallback. I'm not aware of any deployed coinjoin using such
> > "anyone-can-bump" fee-bumping strategy.
> >
> > * Simple wallets : RBF engines' behaviors might be altered in ways not
> > matching the intent of their developers. I invite RBF engines dev to
> verify
> > what those components are doing in the light of disclosed information.
> >
> > # Discovery
> >
> > While reviewing the LN dual-funding flow, I inquired on potential new DoS
> > vectors introduced by relying on counterparty utxos in this following
> > analysis [1]. The second DoS issue "RBF opt-out by a Counterparty
> > Double-Spend" is relying on a malicious chain of transactions where the
> > parent is signaling RBF opt-in through nSequence<=0xff_ff_ff_ff-1 but the
> > child, servicing as a pinning transaction, opt-out from the RBF policy.
> > This pinning trick conception was matching my understanding of Core code
> > but while reading again the specification, I observed that it was
> > inconsistent from the inherited signaling mechanism as described in the
> > bip's "Summary" section.
> >
> > After exercising the logic, I did submit the defect to Dave Harding,
> asking
> > confirmation of divergence between Bitcoin Core and BIP 125. Soon after,
> he
> > did confirm it and pointed that the defect has been there since the
> 2015's
> > PR introducing the opt-in RBF, advicing to to consider security
> > implications for deployed second-layer protocols. After noticing the
> minor
> > implications for pinning attacks on second-stage LN transactions while
> > talking with Matt Corallo, I did disclose to the Bitcoin Core security
> > list.
> >
> > My initial report was recommending avoiding a covert patch in the mempool
> > as risks of introducing DoS in this part of the codebase seemed to
> outweigh
> > security of deployed LN channels. This direction was agreed by the
> opinions
> > expressed on the security list. Beyond, there was a lack of agreement on
> > how to proceed with the disclosure as so far in the history project,
> > transaction relay policy have not been considered as strongly reliable.
> > Though from now on, L2 protocols like Lightning are making assumptions on
> > subset of this policy for their safety, such as the highlighted RBF one.
> >
> > Defect was disclosed to the LN projects maintainers, informing them that
> > currently in deployment anchor outputs protocol upgrade was mitigating
> > against this defect though old channels will stay vulnerable. To the best
> > of my knowledge, I didn't identify other deployed protocols of which
> coins
> > safety are impacted by this defect.
> >
> > # Ecosystem Observations
> >
> > This long-standing defect with benign security implications provided an
> > opportunity to exercise coordinated security disclosure across layers and
> > development teams.
> >
> > IMO, it underlies few interesting points:
> > * the lack of an established policy for coordinated security disclosures
> > between a base layer implementation and its downstream projects
> > * the lack of a clear methodology to identify downstream projects
> affected
> > by a transaction relay policy wreckage
> > * the lack of minimally-disruptive, emergency upgrade mechanisms
> > implemented by downstream projects [2]
> >
> > Finally, security implications for downstream projects provoked by base
> > layer issues shouldn't be minimized as they do have a risk of windblow on
> > base layer operations. I believe we should minimize risks of disaster
> > scenarios such as thousands of LN channels manually closed by worried
> > operators due to a non-concerted security disclosure, provoking mempool
> > cloaks and disrupting regular transactions for a while.
> >
> > # Timeline
> >
> > 2021-03-18 : Defect discovered, report to Dave Harding original author of
> > bip125, confirmation of the defect
> > 2021-03-19 : Disclosure to the Bitcoin Core security list, Dave Harding,
> > Matt Corallo, acknowledgment of the issue
> > 2021-04-05 : Disclosure to the LN projects maintainers (c-lightning, lnd,
> > eclair, electrum, rust-lightning)
> > 2021-04-28 : CVE-2021-31876 assigned
> > 2021-05-06 : Full disclosure to the bitcoin-dev mailing list
> >
> > I believe the information reported is correct and reflects the best of my
> > knowledge, please point any shortcoming.
> >
> > Cheers,
> > Antoine
> >
> > [0]
> >
> https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/lightning-dev/2020-April/002639
> >.html [1] See "On Mempool Funny Games against Multi-Party Funded
> > Transactions", published 2021-05-06
> > [2] Such as
> >
> https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/lightning-dev/2020-July/002763
> .
> >html
>
>

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Re: [bitcoin-dev] Full Disclosure: CVE-2021-31876 Defect in Bitcoin Core's bip125 logic

[Olaoluwa Osuntokun]

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Hi Antoine,

Excellent work as usual!

When this was initially reported, I suspected that btcd wasn't actually
affected by this issue (proper RBF inheritance). I wrote a unit test earlier
today to confirm this: https://github.com/btcsuite/btcd/pull/1719.

I'm particularly fond of btcd's implementation of RBF signalling:
https://github.com/btcsuite/btcd/blob/master/mempool/mempool.go#L603.

The separation of concerns here makes it (IMO) much easier to follow (as
well as uint test) compared to bitcoind's `MemPoolAccept::PreChecks`
function. Its recursive nature makes the inherited replaceability explicit.

-- Laolu


On Thu, May 6, 2021 at 8:49 AM Antoine Riard via bitcoin-dev <
bitcoin-dev@lists.linuxfoundation.org> wrote:

> Hi,
>
> I'm writing to report a defect in Bitcoin Core bip125 logic with minor
> security and operational implications for downstream projects. Though this
> defect grieves Bitcoin Core nodes 0.12.0 and above, base layer safety isn't
> impacted.
>
> # Problem
>
> Bip 125 specification describes the following signalling mechanism :
>
> "
> This policy specifies two ways a transaction can signal that it is
> replaceable.
>
> * Explicit signaling: A transaction is considered to have opted in to
> allowing replacement of itself if any of its inputs have an nSequence
> number less than (0xffffffff - 1).
>
> * Inherited signaling: Transactions that don't explicitly signal
> replaceability are replaceable under this policy for as long as any one of
> their ancestors signals replaceability and remains unconfirmed.
>
> One or more transactions currently in the mempool (original transactions)
> will be replaced by a new transaction (replacement transaction) that spends
> one or more of the same inputs if,
>
> # The original transactions signal replaceability explicitly or through
> inheritance as described in the above Summary section.
> "
>
> An unconfirmed child transaction with nSequence = 0xff_ff_ff_ff spending
> an unconfirmed parent with nSequence <= 0xff_ff_ff_fd should be replaceable
> as the child transaction signals "through inheritance". However, the
> replacement code as implemented in Core's `PreChecks()` shows that this
> behavior isn't  enforced and Core's mempool rejects replacement attempts of
> an unconfirmed child transaction.
>
> Branch asserting the behavior is here :
> https://github.com/ariard/bitcoin/commits/2021-03-test-rbf
>
> # Solution
>
> The defect has not been patched.
>
> # Downstream Projects Affected
>
> * LN : State-of-the-art pinning attacks against second-stage HTLCs
> transactions were thought to be only possible by exploiting RBF rule 3 on
> the necessity of a higher absolute fee [0]. However, this replacement
> defect opens the way for an attacker to only pin with an opt-out child
> without a higher fee than the honest competing transaction. This lowers the
> cost of attack as the malicious pinning transaction only has to be above
> mempools'min feerate. This also increases odds of attack success for a
> reduced feerate diminishes odds of confirmation ending the pinning.
>
> A functional test demo illustrating cases is available on this branch:
> https://github.com/ariard/bitcoin/commits/2021-05-htlc-preimage-pinnings
>
> LN nodes operators concerned by this defect might favor anchor outputs
> channels, fully mitigating this specific pinning vector.
>
> * Onchain DLC/Coinswap/Vault : Those contract protocols have also multiple
> stages of execution with time-sensitive transactions opening the way to
> pinning attacks. Those protocols being non-deployed or in early phase, I
> would recommend that any in-protocol competing transactions explicitly
> signal RBF.
>
> * Coinjoin/Cut-Through : if CPFP is employed as a fee-bumping strategy, if
> the coinjoin transaction is still laying in network mempools, if a
> fee-bumping output is spendable by any protocol participant, this
> fee-bumping mechanism might be halted by a malicious protocol participant
> broadcasting an low-feerate opt-out child. According to bip125, if the
> coinjoin parent tx signals replaceability, the child transaction should be
> replaceable, whatever its signaling. However Core doesn't apply this
> policy. RBF of the coinjoin transaction itself should be used as a
> fallback. I'm not aware of any deployed coinjoin using such
> "anyone-can-bump" fee-bumping strategy.
>
> * Simple wallets : RBF engines' behaviors might be altered in ways not
> matching the intent of their developers. I invite RBF engines dev to verify
> what those components are doing in the light of disclosed information.
>
> # Discovery
>
> While reviewing the LN dual-funding flow, I inquired on potential new DoS
> vectors introduced by relying on counterparty utxos in this following
> analysis [1]. The second DoS issue "RBF opt-out by a Counterparty
> Double-Spend" is relying on a malicious chain of transactions where the
> parent is signaling RBF opt-in through nSequence<=0xff_ff_ff_ff-1 but the
> child, servicing as a pinning transaction, opt-out from the RBF policy.
> This pinning trick conception was matching my understanding of Core code
> but while reading again the specification, I observed that it was
> inconsistent from the inherited signaling mechanism as described in the
> bip's "Summary" section.
>
> After exercising the logic, I did submit the defect to Dave Harding,
> asking confirmation of divergence between Bitcoin Core and BIP 125. Soon
> after, he did confirm it and pointed that the defect has been there since
> the 2015's PR introducing the opt-in RBF, advicing to to consider security
> implications for deployed second-layer protocols. After noticing the minor
> implications for pinning attacks on second-stage LN transactions while
> talking with Matt Corallo, I did disclose to the Bitcoin Core security list.
>
> My initial report was recommending avoiding a covert patch in the mempool
> as risks of introducing DoS in this part of the codebase seemed to outweigh
> security of deployed LN channels. This direction was agreed by the opinions
> expressed on the security list. Beyond, there was a lack of agreement on
> how to proceed with the disclosure as so far in the history project,
> transaction relay policy have not been considered as strongly reliable.
> Though from now on, L2 protocols like Lightning are making assumptions on
> subset of this policy for their safety, such as the highlighted RBF one.
>
> Defect was disclosed to the LN projects maintainers, informing them that
> currently in deployment anchor outputs protocol upgrade was mitigating
> against this defect though old channels will stay vulnerable. To the best
> of my knowledge, I didn't identify other deployed protocols of which coins
> safety are impacted by this defect.
>
> # Ecosystem Observations
>
> This long-standing defect with benign security implications provided an
> opportunity to exercise coordinated security disclosure across layers and
> development teams.
>
> IMO, it underlies few interesting points:
> * the lack of an established policy for coordinated security disclosures
> between a base layer implementation and its downstream projects
> * the lack of a clear methodology to identify downstream projects affected
> by a transaction relay policy wreckage
> * the lack of minimally-disruptive, emergency upgrade mechanisms
> implemented by downstream projects [2]
>
> Finally, security implications for downstream projects provoked by base
> layer issues shouldn't be minimized as they do have a risk of windblow on
> base layer operations. I believe we should minimize risks of disaster
> scenarios such as thousands of LN channels manually closed by worried
> operators due to a non-concerted security disclosure, provoking mempool
> cloaks and disrupting regular transactions for a while.
>
> # Timeline
>
> 2021-03-18 : Defect discovered, report to Dave Harding original author of
> bip125, confirmation of the defect
> 2021-03-19 : Disclosure to the Bitcoin Core security list, Dave Harding,
> Matt Corallo, acknowledgment of the issue
> 2021-04-05 : Disclosure to the LN projects maintainers (c-lightning, lnd,
> eclair, electrum, rust-lightning)
> 2021-04-28 : CVE-2021-31876 assigned
> 2021-05-06 : Full disclosure to the bitcoin-dev mailing list
>
> I believe the information reported is correct and reflects the best of my
> knowledge, please point any shortcoming.
>
> Cheers,
> Antoine
>
> [0]
> https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/lightning-dev/2020-April/002639.html
> [1] See "On Mempool Funny Games against Multi-Party Funded Transactions",
> published 2021-05-06
> [2] Such as
> https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/lightning-dev/2020-July/002763.html
> _______________________________________________
> bitcoin-dev mailing list
> bitcoin-dev@lists.linuxfoundation.org
> https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-dev
>

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